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Since ancient times, gold has been revered as a highly valuable material. From making jewelry to cookware and industrial materials, gold has proven to be very useful and precious to man, particularly because of its high malleability, ductility, and lustrous nature. Gold is one of the most precious metals known to man, and it has...

I. Introduction Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology represents a pivotal advancement in semiconductor manufacturing, offering enhanced performance and efficiency over traditional bulk silicon approaches. By integrating a thin silicon layer atop an insulating substrate, SOI facilitates superior electrical isolation and reduced parasitic capacitance, which is critical for high-performance electronic devices. SOI involves layering a silicon wafer on...

Introduction Dielectric substrates are indispensable materials in modern electronic devices. They play a crucial role in supporting circuits, optimizing electromagnetic performance, and protecting components. As technology advances, dielectric substrates have evolved to include a diverse range of materials with tailored properties, meeting the demands of various applications such as microwave circuits, antenna designs, and sensor...